SQL HAVING 子句

HAVING 子句可以筛选分组后的各组数据，而 WHERE 关键字无法与聚合函数一起使用。

1. HAVING 语法

SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value
GROUP BY column_name
HAVING aggregate_function(column_name) operator value;

样本数据库

在本教程中，我们将使用 CodeBaoku 样本数据库。

下面是选自 "Websites" 表的数据：

+----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+
| id | name         | url                       | alexa | country |
+----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+
| 1  | Google       | https://www.google.cm/    | 1     | USA     |
| 2  | 淘宝          | https://www.taobao.com/   | 13    | CN      |
| 3  | 编程宝库      | http://www.codebaoku.com/  | 4689  | CN      |
| 4  | 微博          | http://weibo.com/         | 20    | CN      |
| 5  | Facebook     | https://www.facebook.com/ | 3     | USA     |
| 7  | stackoverflow | http://stackoverflow.com/ |     0 | IND     |
+----+---------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+

下面是 "access_log" 网站访问记录表的数据：

+-----+---------+-------+------------+
| aid | site_id | count | date       |
+-----+---------+-------+------------+
|   1 |       1 |    45 | 2016-05-10 |
|   2 |       3 |   100 | 2016-05-13 |
|   3 |       1 |   230 | 2016-05-14 |
|   4 |       2 |    10 | 2016-05-14 |
|   5 |       5 |   205 | 2016-05-14 |
|   6 |       4 |    13 | 2016-05-15 |
|   7 |       3 |   220 | 2016-05-15 |
|   8 |       5 |   545 | 2016-05-16 |
|   9 |       3 |   201 | 2016-05-17 |
+-----+---------+-------+------------+

2. SQL HAVING 范例

现在我们想要查找总访问量大于 200 的网站。

我们使用下面的 SQL 语句：

SELECT Websites.name, SUM(access_log.count) AS nums FROM (access_log
INNER JOIN Websites
ON access_log.site_id=Websites.id)
GROUP BY Websites.name
HAVING SUM(access_log.count) > 200;

执行结果：
+-----------+----------+
|   name    |   nums   |
+-----------+----------+
|  Facebook |    750   |
|  Google   |    275   |
|  编程宝库  |    521   |
+-----------+----------+

现在我们想要查找总访问量大于 200 的网站，并且 alexa 排名小于 200。

我们在 SQL 语句中增加一个普通的 WHERE 子句：

SELECT Websites.name, SUM(access_log.count) AS nums FROM Websites
INNER JOIN access_log
ON Websites.id=access_log.site_id
WHERE Websites.alexa < 200 
GROUP BY Websites.name
HAVING SUM(access_log.count) > 200;

执行结果：
+-----------+----------+
|   name    |   nums   |
+-----------+----------+
|  Facebook |    750   |
|  Google   |    275   |
+-----------+----------+

SQL NULL 又叫空值，它代表未知数据。NULL 不同于空白或零值。默认地，表的列可以存放 NULL 值。NULL 值的处理方式与其他值不同。NULL 用作未知的或不适用的值的占位符。